* Fair Use
There are two situations where the doctrine of fair use prevents infringement:
1. The term is a way to describe another good or service, using its descriptive term and not its secondary meaning. The idea behind this fair use is that a trademark holder does not have the exclusive right to use a word that is merely descriptive, since this decreases the words available to describe. If the term is not used to label any particular goods or services at all, but is perhaps used in a literary fashion as part of a narrative, then this is a non-commercial use even if the narrative is commercially sold.
2. Nominative fair use
This is when a potential infringer (or defendant) uses the registered trademark to identify the registrantââ¬â¢s product or service in conjunction with his or her own. To invoke this defense, the defendant must prove the following elements:
o his/her product or service cannot be readily identified without pointing to the registrantââ¬â¢s mark
o he/she only uses as much of the mark as is necessary to identify the goods or services
o he/she does nothing with the mark to suggest that the registrant has given his approval to the defendant